Today, we’re diving into the nitty-gritty of two titans in the world of gas masks:CM-6M vs CM-7M.

If you’re serious about preparedness, you know having a reliable gas mask is a must.

But which should you choose?

Let’s break it down and see which mask deserves a spot on your shelf.

CM-6M Vs CM-7M Comparision Chart

Meet the Contenders: CM-6M and CM-7M

Before we start comparing these two, let’s get to know them a bit better.

Both the CM-6M and the CM-7M are tactical gas masks designed by MIRA Safety, a company renowned for its top-notch protective gear.

These masks are built to protect you from a variety of threats, including chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) hazards.

In short, they’re the real deal.

CM-6M: The Multi-Purpose Marvel

The CM-6M is like the Swiss Army knife of gas masks.

It’s designed for versatility and can be used in a wide range of scenarios.

Whether you’re dealing with a:

• chemical spill
• a biological threat
• or a nuclear fallout…

…the CM-6M has got you covered.

CM-7M: The Tactical Titan

On the other hand, the CM-7M is the special forces operative of gas masks.

It’s specifically designed for tactical use, making it a favorite among military and law enforcement professionals.

If you’re planning to go full-on tactical during a disaster, the CM-7M might just be your new best friend.

Design and Comfort: Fit for Survival

Let’s face it, if your gas mask isn’t comfortable, you’re not going to wear it.

And in a crisis, that’s a big no-no.

So, how do the CM-6M and CM-7M stack up in terms of design and comfort?

CM-6M: Clear Vision and Comfort

The CM-6M features a full-face design with a large, panoramic visor that offers excellent visibility.

This is a big plus when you’re navigating through hazardous environments.

The visor is made of polycarbonate, which is both durable and resistant to impact.

The CM-6M also boasts a hypoallergenic inner mask that reduces fogging and ensures a comfortable fit, even during extended use.

Plus, it comes with an integrated hydration system, so you can stay hydrated without breaking the seal.

↓ CM-6M The Best Gas Mask For Your Needs?

CM-7M: Tactical Precision and Protection

The CM-7M, meanwhile, has a dual-lens system that provides superior eye protection and enhances tactical awareness.

The lenses are made of scratch-resistant polycarbonate, and the mask itself is constructed from bromobutyl rubber, which offers excellent protection against CBRN threats.

Comfort-wise, the CM-7M features an inner mask made from soft silicone.

This ensures a snug fit and reduces the chances of fogging.

The mask also includes a speech diaphragm for clear communication – because shouting “Get to the chopper!” should never be misunderstood.

↓ CM-7M  Gas Mask  For You?

Filtration Systems: Breathing Easy

When it comes to gas masks, the filtration system is the heart and soul of the operation.

Both the CM-6M and CM-7M use standard 40mm NATO filter canisters, which are widely available and effective against a range of threats.

CM-6M: Versatile Filtration

The CM-6M is compatible with a variety of 40mm filters, making it incredibly versatile.

Whether you need a filter for chemical, biological, or radiological threats, the CM-6M has got you covered.

It’s also designed to accommodate dual filters, which can be a lifesaver in high-contamination areas.

CM-7M: Tactical Filtering

The CM-7M also uses 40mm NATO filters, but its design is optimized for tactical use.

The mask features two filter ports, allowing you to switch filters quickly and easily.

This can be a crucial advantage in dynamic situations where time is of the essence.

Practicality and Usability: Ready for Anything

In a survival scenario, practicality and ease of use are paramount.

Let’s see how these masks perform in real-world conditions.

CM-6M: User-Friendly and Versatile

The CM-6M is designed with user-friendliness in mind.

Its large visor and comfortable fit make it easy to wear for extended periods.

The integrated hydration system is a huge plus, allowing you to stay hydrated without compromising safety.

The mask also features an adjustable five-point head harness, ensuring a secure fit for a wide range of head sizes.

And with its dual filter capability, you can customize the mask to suit your specific needs.

CM-7M: Tactical Efficiency

The CM-7M is all about efficiency.

Its dual-lens design enhances situational awareness, which is crucial in tactical scenarios.

The mask’s compact size and streamlined profile make it easy to wear with other tactical gear, such as helmets and night vision goggles.

The CM-7M also features a drinking system, so you can stay hydrated without removing the mask.

And with its dual filter ports, you can quickly adapt to changing conditions.

Cost and Availability: Getting What You Pay For

Price is always a consideration when investing in preparedness gear.

So, how do the CM-6M and CM-7M compare in terms of cost and availability?

CM-6M: Affordable Protection

The CM-6M is generally more affordable than the CM-7M, making it a great option for those on a budget.

Despite its lower price, it offers excellent protection and versatility.

CM-7M: Premium Tactical Gear

The CM-7M is a bit pricier, but you’re paying for the added tactical features and enhanced protection.

It’s a favorite among professionals, which speaks to its quality and reliability.

Final Thoughts: CM-6M Vs CM-7M Which Mask Should You Choose?

Alright, it’s decision time.

Both the CM-6M and CM-7M are excellent gas masks, but they’re designed for different scenarios.

If you’re looking for a versatile, user-friendly mask that offers great protection and comfort, the CM-6M is a fantastic choice.

It’s affordable, easy to use, and suitable for a wide range of situations.

On the other hand, if you’re gearing up for tactical operations and need a mask that can keep up with you, the CM-7M is the way to go.

Its enhanced situational awareness, tactical features, and robust construction make it ideal for high-stakes environments.

My Personal Take

After much consideration, I bought the CM-7M for myself.

Here it is…

And I plan to purchase the CM-6M for my wife soon.

Honestly, don’t overthink this.

It’s WAY better to pull the trigger and get one ASAP than to delay and have no protection when needed.

I believe every household should own, at the bare minimum, 1 gas mask.

That way, 1 adult can leave the home and return safely in an emergency when unfiltered air is dangerous to breathe.

But if you’ve already met that minimum (or have the funds), get one gas mask for everyone in the family.

This can also include gas masks for your children or infants.

Why Trust Skilled Survival…

Go here now to review a full breakdown of:

Who We Are

Our Credentials

Our Mission

& Product Recommendations…

Here are a few highlights of our teams credentials & certifications:

• Certified Member of a Mountain Search & Rescue Organization
• Plant Emergency & Safety Leader for a Major Food Manufacturer
• Member of the 10TH Mountain Division Hut Association
• Certifications: Avalanche 1, WFR, CPR
• Official Gear Tester for Numerous Outdoor Gear Companies
• Countless Multiday Backpacking trips into Remote Wilderness
• Bachelor’s Degree In Mechanical Engineering 
• Bachelor’s Degree In Civil Engineering
• Bachelor’s Degree In Biomedical Engineering

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” – Warren Buffett

We’re fully aware that trust is NOT something you GET but is EARNED.

And we’ll continue to earn YOUR trust through our forthright and honest approach with each new Blog Post, Guide & Product we create…

Prepare, Adapt & Overcome,

Cofounder Of Skilledsurvival.com & TheResilientLife.com

Born & Raised On A Rural Farm In The Midwest

Mechanical Engineering Grad From A Major University

Engineer With A Major Food Manufacturing Company

10+ Years Researching, Writing, & Teaching Preparedness

Mission: Help Folks Stop Living A Life Fragile To The Future

Get My 10 Steps To Basic Preparedness Video For FREE.

Plus daily survival tips (unsubscribe anytime).

Alright, gather around because today we’re pitting the two Sawyers against each other:  Sawyer Squeeze vs Sawyer Mini.

Which one should you trust to keep you hydrated and healthy in an emergency?

Let’s break it down from every angle to help you make the best choice for your preparedness needs.

Meet the Contenders: Sawyer Squeeze Vs Sawyer Mini

Before we start throwing punches, let’s get to know our competitors.

Sawyer Squeeze

The Sawyer Squeeze is like the heavyweight champion of portable water filters.

It’s renowned for its robust design, reliability, and impressive filtering capabilities.

This filter is a favorite among hikers, backpackers, and preppers who want a no-nonsense solution for safe drinking water.

Sawyer Mini

On the other hand, the Sawyer Mini is the scrappy underdog.

It’s smaller, lighter, and more compact, making it a go-to for ultralight backpackers and those who want to save every ounce in their bug-out bags.

But don’t let its size fool you—this little guy packs a punch when it comes to filtration.

Sawyer Squeeze Vs Mini Comparison Chart

Size and Weight: Portability Matters

When you’re planning for an emergency or a long trek into the wilderness, every ounce counts.

So, let’s talk about how these two contenders stack up in terms of size and weight.

Sawyer Squeeze: The Solid Workhorse

The Sawyer Squeeze weighs in at about 3 ounces.

It’s not exactly a heavyweight, but it’s a smidge more substantial than the Mini.

The size is manageable, but if you’re looking to shave off every possible ounce, there’s one a bit smaller…

Sawyer Mini: The Featherweight Champ

The Sawyer Mini is the featherweight champ of water filters, tipping the scales at just 2 ounces.

It’s incredibly compact, easily fitting into the palm of your hand or slipping into a small pocket.

If you’re all about minimalism and ultralight packing, the Mini is hard to beat.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist. No purchase necessary.

Filtration Capabilities: The Heart of the Battle

Now, let’s get to the meat of the matter—filtration capabilities.

After all, the main job of a water filter is to keep you safe from nasty waterborne pathogens.

Sawyer Squeeze: Heavy-Duty Filtration

The Sawyer Squeeze boasts a 0.1-micron absolute filter, which means it can remove 99.99999% of bacteria (like salmonella, cholera, and E. coli) and 99.9999% of protozoa (like giardia and cryptosporidium).

It also has a high flow rate, so you’re not standing around all day waiting for your water to filter.

Sawyer Mini: Mighty but Slightly Slower

The Sawyer Mini also features a 0.1-micron absolute filter, providing the same level of protection against bacteria and protozoa as the Squeeze.

However, the Mini’s smaller size means a slightly slower flow rate.

It’s still effective, but if you’re filtering large quantities of water, you might notice the difference.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Durability and Longevity: Built to Last

When it comes to survival gear, durability and longevity are key.

You need equipment that can withstand the rigors of the wild and still perform when you need it most.

Sawyer Squeeze: Built Tough

The Sawyer Squeeze is built to last.

It’s rugged and can handle the bumps and bruises of outdoor adventures.

The filter is rated to handle up to 100,000 gallons of water, so it’s a long-term solution that you can rely on.

↓ Sawyer Squeeze Water Filter Review

Sawyer Mini: Surprisingly Sturdy

The Sawyer Mini, despite its smaller size, is also impressively durable.

It’s rated for up to 100,000 gallons of water, just like the Squeeze.

However, because it’s more compact, you’ll need to be a bit more careful with it to avoid damage.

↓ Sawyer Mini Water Filter Review / Test

Ease of Use: Simplicity in the Field

In a survival situation, you want gear that’s straightforward and easy to use.

Let’s see how the Squeeze and Mini fare in terms of usability.

Sawyer Squeeze: User-Friendly

The Sawyer Squeeze is incredibly user-friendly.

It comes with a variety of accessories, including pouches that you fill with dirty water and then squeeze through the filter.

The squeeze system is intuitive and efficient, making it easy to get clean water quickly.

Sawyer Mini: Versatile and Simple

The Sawyer Mini is versatile and simple to use.

You can attach it to a squeeze pouch, use it as a straw to drink directly from a water source, or screw it onto a standard disposable water bottle.

It’s a bit more versatile than the Squeeze, but the smaller size can make it a bit trickier to handle, especially with cold or gloved hands.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Versatility: Adapting to Different Scenarios

Versatility is crucial when it comes to survival gear.

You want a water filter that can adapt to different scenarios and provide clean water no matter the situation.

Sawyer Squeeze: Flexible Filtering

The Sawyer Squeeze is flexible and can be used in a variety of ways.

You can use the included squeeze pouches, attach it to a hydration bladder, or even use it as an inline filter for your hydration pack.

This flexibility makes it a solid choice for a range of activities, from hiking to emergency preparedness.

Sawyer Mini: Jack of All Trades

The Sawyer Mini is the ultimate multitasker.

It can be used with squeeze pouches, disposable water bottles, and hydration packs, just like the Squeeze.

Additionally, it can be used as a straw to drink directly from a water source, making it incredibly versatile.

Its small size also makes it easier to pack multiple Minis for different family members or group members.

Cost: Bang for Your Buck

Budget is always a consideration, especially when you’re building a comprehensive preparedness kit.

So, how do these filters compare in terms of cost?

Sawyer Squeeze: Worth the Investment

The Sawyer Squeeze typically costs a bit more than the Mini, but it’s still very affordable considering its capabilities.

The slightly higher price tag gets you a faster flow rate and a rugged design, which can be worth it for many users.

Sawyer Mini: Budget-Friendly

The Sawyer Mini is one of the most affordable high-quality water filters on the market.

Its lower price makes it an attractive option for budget-conscious preppers or those who want to equip multiple family members with their own filters.

Final Verdict: Which One Should You Choose?

Alright, it’s decision time.

Both the Sawyer Squeeze and the Sawyer Mini are excellent water filters, but which one is right for you?

Choose the Sawyer Squeeze If:

• You need to filter large quantities of water quickly.
• You want a durable, rugged filter that can handle tough conditions.
• You appreciate the user-friendly design and included accessories.

Choose the Sawyer Mini If:

• You’re looking to save space and weight in your pack.
• You need a versatile filter that can adapt to various scenarios.
• You’re on a tight budget but still want reliable water filtration.

Sawyer Squeeze Vs Mini: My Personal Take

Personally, I think both filters deserve a spot in your preparedness arsenal.

I own several Sawyer Mini because they are ideal for ultralight backpacking, minimalist setup, or as a backup filter for preparedness.

But remember, the best water filter is the one you have with you when you need it.

So, whether you choose the Squeeze, the Mini, or both, make sure you’re familiar with how to use them and maintain them.

Pro Tips for Using Your Sawyer Filters

• Always backwash your filter after use to maintain flow rate and longevity.
• Carry extra squeeze pouches, as they can wear out over time.
• Practice using your filter before you need it in a real emergency.
• Consider carrying a small amount of bleach or water purification tablets as a backup.

Why Trust Skilled Survival…

Go here now to review a full breakdown of:

Who We Are

Our Credentials

Our Mission

& Product Recommendations…

Here are a few highlights of our teams credentials & certifications:

• Certified Member of a Mountain Search & Rescue Organization
• Plant Emergency & Safety Leader for a Major Food Manufacturer
• Member of the 10TH Mountain Division Hut Association
• Certifications: Avalanche 1, WFR, CPR
• Official Gear Tester for Numerous Outdoor Gear Companies
• Countless Multiday Backpacking trips into Remote Wilderness
• Bachelor’s Degree In Mechanical Engineering 
• Bachelor’s Degree In Civil Engineering
• Bachelor’s Degree In Biomedical Engineering

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” – Warren Buffett

We’re fully aware that trust is NOT something you GET but is EARNED.

And we’ll continue to earn YOUR trust through our forthright and honest approach with each new Blog Post, Guide & Product we create…

Prepare, Adapt & Overcome,

Cofounder Of Skilledsurvival.com & TheResilientLife.com

Born & Raised On A Rural Farm In The Midwest

Mechanical Engineering Grad From A Major University

Engineer With A Major Food Manufacturing Company

10+ Years Researching, Writing, & Teaching Preparedness

Mission: Help Folks Stop Living A Life Fragile To The Future

Get My 10 Steps To Basic Preparedness Video For FREE.

Plus daily survival tips (unsubscribe anytime).

And not just any multitools—we’re talking about the giants, the legends, the titans of this realm: Gerber Vs Leatherman.

If you’ve ever been in a pinch and needed to fix, cut, or pry something, you know the value of a reliable multitool.

But with so many options out there, choosing the right one can be a real challenge.

That’s why I’m here to help you navigate the labyrinth and find the perfect companion for your preparedness kit.

So, let’s get this battle royale started!

TOPICS IN THIS GUIDE…    ↓(click to jump)

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Gerber Vs Leatherman Comparison Chart

The Contenders: A Brief Overview

Gerber

Gerber, a name synonymous with rugged, reliable gear, has been making top-notch tools and knives since 1939.

They’ve built a reputation for durability and innovation, producing multitools that withstand the harshest conditions.

Gerber tools are like the Swiss Army knives on steroids, ready to tackle any challenge you throw at them.

Leatherman

Leatherman, on the other hand, has been a cornerstone in the multitool industry since Tim Leatherman created the first Pocket Survival Tool (PST) in 1983.

These tools are known for their precision engineering and versatility.

They’ve set the gold standard for multitools with various options to meet every need.

Design and Build Quality: Ruggedness vs. Precision

When it comes to design and build quality, both Gerber and Leatherman have their unique strengths.

Gerber: The Workhorse

Gerber multitools are built like tanks.

They’re rugged, robust, and ready for action.

Whether you’re in the wilderness, on a job site, or dealing with an emergency, Gerber tools are designed to take a beating and keep on ticking.

They often feature beefy pliers, sturdy blades, and a no-nonsense design that screams durability.

↓ Top 10 Best Gerber MultiTools

Leatherman: The Precision Instrument

Leatherman multitools, while also incredibly durable, lean more towards precision engineering.

They’re meticulously crafted with attention to detail, ensuring each tool functions flawlessly.

Leatherman tools often feature smooth, ergonomic designs and a polished finish that makes them not only functional but also a pleasure to use.

↓ The Best Of Leatherman Multitools

Tool Selection: Versatility and Functionality

The variety of tools included in a multitool can make or break its usefulness.

Let’s see how our contenders stack up in this department.

Gerber: Heavy-Duty Options

Gerber multitools tend to include robust, heavy-duty tools. Common features include:

• Needlenose and regular pliers
• Wire cutters and wire strippers
• Various blades (serrated and fine edge)
• Screwdrivers (flathead and Phillips)
• Can and bottle openers
• Scissors
• Files
• Saw

Gerber tools are designed with functionality in mind, often prioritizing strength and durability over finesse.

They’re perfect for heavy-duty tasks where brute force might be necessary.

Leatherman: All-Around Utility

Leatherman multitools typically offer a more extensive selection of finely tuned tools.

Here’s what you might find:

• Needlenose and regular pliers
• Replaceable wire cutters
• Multiple blades (straight and serrated)
• Spring-action scissors
• Assorted screwdrivers
• Bottle and can openers
• Files (diamond-coated and standard)
• Saws
• Rulers
• Awls

Leatherman’s focus on versatility and precision means their tools are often better suited for a wider range of tasks, from delicate work to more substantial repairs.

Ease of Use: Accessibility and Ergonomics

A multitool’s usability is crucial, especially in high-stress situations.

Let’s see which brand makes accessing and using their tools easier.

Gerber: One-Handed Operation

Gerber has pioneered the one-handed opening feature in many of their multitools.

This design allows you to deploy tools quickly and easily with just one hand, which can be a lifesaver when you’re in a tight spot.

The tools lock into place securely, providing a stable and safe working environment.

Leatherman: Smooth and Intuitive

Leatherman tools are known for their smooth operation and intuitive design.

While not all models offer one-handed opening, the tools are generally easy to access and deploy.

Leatherman’s ergonomic designs ensure the multitool fits comfortably in your hand, reducing fatigue during extended use.

Durability and Warranty: Built to Last

When you invest in a multitool, you want it to last a lifetime.

Both offer impressive durability and warranties, but let’s see how they compare.

Gerber: Rugged Durability

Gerber tools are built to withstand harsh conditions and heavy use.

They’re constructed from high-quality materials like stainless steel, ensuring long-lasting performance.

Gerber offers a limited lifetime warranty, covering defects in materials and workmanship.

This warranty reflects their confidence in the durability of their products.

Leatherman: Lifetime Guarantee

Leatherman takes durability seriously, offering a 25-year warranty on their multitools.

This warranty covers any defects in materials or workmanship, giving you peace of mind that your investment is protected.

Leatherman’s commitment to quality is evident in the longevity of their tools, which are built to last through years of hard use.

Price: Getting the Best Bang for Your Buck

Let’s face it, price matters. You want to get the most value for your money without sacrificing quality.

Gerber: Affordable and Reliable

Gerber multitools are generally more affordable than Leatherman’s, making them an attractive option for budget-conscious preppers.

Despite the lower price point, Gerber doesn’t compromise on quality.

You get a robust, reliable tool for handling tough tasks.

Leatherman: Premium Quality

Leatherman tools are often priced higher, reflecting their premium quality and precision engineering.

While you might pay more upfront, the investment can be worth it for the enhanced functionality and longevity.

Leatherman multitools offer exceptional value for those willing to spend more on top-tier performance.

Popular Models: Spotlight on the Stars

Let’s take a closer look at some of each brand’s most popular models to give you a better idea of what they offer.

Gerber: MP600 and Center-Drive

Gerber MP600

The Gerber MP600 is a classic multitool known for its durability and one-handed opening feature.

It includes 14 tools, such as pliers, wire cutters, knives, and screwdrivers.

The MP600 is a solid choice for those who need a reliable, heavy-duty multitool.

Gerber Center-Drive

The Gerber Center-Drive is designed for maximum functionality and ease of use.

It features a center-axis driver that offers full-size screwdriver performance.

With 14 tools, including a knife, pliers, and wire cutters, the Center-Drive is perfect for those who need a versatile, easy-to-use multitool.

Leatherman: Wave+ and Signal

Leatherman Wave+

The Leatherman Wave+ is one of the most popular multitools on the market.

It includes 18 tools, such as pliers, knives, screwdrivers, and scissors.

The Wave+ is known for its smooth operation, ergonomic design, and replaceable wire cutters.

It’s an all-around workhorse that excels in a variety of tasks.

Leatherman Signal

The Leatherman Signal is a multitool designed specifically for survivalists and outdoor enthusiasts.

It includes 19 tools, such as a knife, pliers, saw, fire-starting ferro rod, and a whistle.

The Signal is built for adventure, combining essential survival tools with Leatherman’s signature quality and durability.

Final Verdict: Which Multitool Should You Choose?

Alright, it’s time to make a decision. Both Gerber and Leatherman offer fantastic multitools, but which one is right for you?

Choose Gerber If:

• You need a heavy-duty, rugged multitool for tough tasks.
• You want the convenience of one-handed opening.
• You’re looking for an affordable option without sacrificing quality.

Choose Leatherman If:

• You value precision engineering and versatility.
• You’re willing to invest in a premium, long-lasting tool.
• You want a multitool with a wide range of finely-tuned tools.

My Personal Take

Personally, I think both brands deserve a spot in your preparedness toolkit.

Gerber’s ruggedness and one-handed operation are perfect for situations where you need a reliable, heavy-duty tool.

On the other hand, Leatherman’s precision and versatility make it an excellent choice for a wide range of tasks.

Having both gives you the flexibility to handle whatever challenges come your way.

Remember, the best multitool is the one you have with you when you need it.

So, whether you choose Gerber, Leatherman, or both, make sure you’re familiar with their features and ready to put them to use.

Why Trust Skilled Survival…

Go here now to review a full breakdown of:

Who We Are

Our Credentials

Our Mission

& Product Recommendations…

Here are a few highlights of our teams credentials & certifications:

• Certified Member of a Mountain Search & Rescue Organization
• Plant Emergency & Safety Leader for a Major Food Manufacturer
• Member of the 10TH Mountain Division Hut Association
• Certifications: Avalanche 1, WFR, CPR
• Official Gear Tester for Numerous Outdoor Gear Companies
• Countless Multiday Backpacking trips into Remote Wilderness
• Bachelor’s Degree In Mechanical Engineering 
• Bachelor’s Degree In Civil Engineering
• Bachelor’s Degree In Biomedical Engineering

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” – Warren Buffett

We’re fully aware that trust is NOT something you GET but is EARNED.

And we’ll continue to earn YOUR trust through our forthright and honest approach with each new Blog Post, Guide & Product we create…

Prepare, Adapt & Overcome,

Cofounder Of Skilledsurvival.com & TheResilientLife.com

Born & Raised On A Rural Farm In The Midwest

Mechanical Engineering Grad From A Major University

Engineer With A Major Food Manufacturing Company

10+ Years Researching, Writing, & Teaching Preparedness

Mission: Help Folks Stop Living A Life Fragile To The Future

Get My 10 Steps To Basic Preparedness Video For FREE.

Plus daily survival tips (unsubscribe anytime).

Today, we’re diving into one of the most heated debates among outdoor enthusiasts: hammocks vs. tents.

That’s right, we’re going to pit these two camping shelters against each other and see which one comes out on top.

So grab your compass, lace up your boots, and let’s get this showdown started!

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Hammock Vs Tent: Comparison Chart

The Contenders: A Brief Overview

Hammocks

Hammocks are the epitome of laid-back camping.

They’re lightweight, compact, and offer a unique sleeping experience that keeps you off the ground and swaying gently between trees.

But don’t be fooled by their relaxed demeanor—hammocks can be a serious contender for your camping and survival gear.

Tents

Tents are the classic choice for campers worldwide.

They’ve been around for centuries, evolving from basic shelters to high-tech engineering marvels.

Tents offer a familiar and reliable way to stay protected from the elements, with plenty of room to stretch out and store your gear.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Comfort: Rest Easy or Toss and Turn?

When it comes to getting a good night’s sleep in the great outdoors, comfort is king.

Let’s see how hammocks and tents stack up.

Hammocks: Cradle of Comfort

Hammocks are like a cozy cocoon that cradles you in comfort.

The gentle sway can lull you to sleep faster than a lullaby.

Plus, you avoid the hard, uneven ground and any creepy crawlies that might be lurking.

However, getting the perfect hang angle and finding the right trees can be a bit of a challenge.

And if you’re a side or stomach sleeper, you might find a hammock a bit restrictive.

Tents: Home Away from Home

Tents provide a flat, stable surface to sleep on, which is great for side, back, and stomach sleepers alike.

With a good sleeping pad and bag, you can achieve a level of comfort that’s hard to beat.

Tents also offer more room to move around and store your gear, making them feel like a cozy little home in the wilderness.

However, you’re still dealing with the hard ground and the potential for a less-than-perfectly-flat campsite.

Weather Protection: Battling the Elements

Mother Nature can be unpredictable, so your shelter needs to stand up to whatever she throws your way.

Hammocks: High and Dry

One of the biggest advantages of hammocks is that they keep you off the ground.

This means you won’t have to worry about rain pooling under your tent or waking up to a flooded floor.

With a proper rain fly, hammocks can keep you dry in most conditions.

However, in extreme weather, like high winds or heavy snow, hammocks can be less stable and offer less protection than tents.

Tents: Fortresses of Fabric

Tents are designed to be all-weather shelters.

With a good rainfly and proper setup, tents can handle rain, wind, and even snow.

They offer more protection from the elements, especially in extreme conditions.

The solid walls also provide a barrier against cold winds and help retain warmth. However, tents require more effort to keep dry and ventilated, especially in wet conditions.

Setup and Portability: Quick and Easy or a Chore?

Nobody wants to spend hours setting up camp, especially after a long day on the trail.

Let’s see which option makes setting up camp a breeze.

Hammocks: Quick and Lightweight

Hammocks are a breeze to set up—once you get the hang of it (pun intended).

With practice, you can have your hammock and rain fly up in minutes.

They’re incredibly lightweight and pack down small, making them perfect for backpackers and ultralight hikers.

The downside is that you need trees (or something sturdy) to hang your hammock, which isn’t always available.

Tents: Versatile but Bulky

Tents can take a bit longer to set up, especially if you’re dealing with poles, stakes, and rainflies.

But once they’re up, they’re a reliable shelter that doesn’t depend on trees or other anchor points.

Tents offer more versatility in where you can set up camp, but they tend to be bulkier and heavier than hammocks.

This makes them less ideal for ultralight backpacking but great for car camping or short hikes.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Space and Storage: Room to Roam or Cozy and Compact?

Whether you like to spread out or keep things minimal, space is a crucial factor in choosing your shelter.

Hammocks: Cozy and Compact

Hammocks are designed for one person (though double hammocks are available), and they don’t offer much room for gear storage.

You’ll need to get creative with your packing and use gear slings or hang your backpack from a tree.

This minimalistic approach is great for those who like to travel light and keep things simple.

However, if you like having space to move around or keep your gear close, hammocks might feel a bit cramped.

Tents: Spacious and Secure

Tents come in a variety of sizes, from solo shelters to multi-person palaces.

They offer plenty of room to move around and store your gear, keeping everything dry and secure.

The extra space can make a big difference in comfort, especially on longer trips.

The downside is that all this extra room comes at a cost in terms of weight and bulk.

Versatility: Multi-Use Marvels

Versatility is key when it comes to survival gear.

Let’s see how hammocks and tents can pull double duty.

Hammocks: More Than Just a Bed

Hammocks can be incredibly versatile.

Besides being a great place to sleep, they can also serve as a chair, lounger, or even a makeshift stretcher in an emergency.

Some hammock setups can be converted into ground shelters if needed.

However, their primary function is as a sleeping system, so their versatility is somewhat limited compared to a tent.

Tents: Shelter Supreme

Tents are the ultimate multi-use shelters.

Besides providing a place to sleep, they can serve as a changing room, gear storage, and a refuge from bugs and weather.

In an emergency, a tent can be used as a signal (bright colors), a rainwater collector (with the rainfly), or even a makeshift raft (in extreme cases).

Their versatility and reliability make them a staple in any survival kit.

Click here to instantly download this Complete Checklist PDF. No purchase necessary.

Cost: Budget-Friendly or Investment?

When it comes to camping gear, you often get what you pay for.

Let’s talk about the cost of hammocks vs. tents.

Hammocks: Budget-Friendly

Hammocks can be a more budget-friendly option, especially for solo campers.

You can get a decent hammock setup for less than a comparable tent.

However, you’ll also need to consider the cost of additional gear like a rain fly, bug net, and underquilt (for colder weather).

Overall, hammocks can be a great option for those looking to save money and pack light.

Tents: Investment in Comfort

Tents tend to be more expensive, especially high-quality models.

But this investment pays off in terms of comfort, space, and protection from the elements.

If you’re serious about camping or survival, a good tent is worth every penny.

Plus, tents are more versatile and can accommodate multiple people, making them a better value for group camping.

The Verdict: Which is Best for You?

Alright, folks, it’s decision time.

Both hammocks and tents have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best choice depends on your specific needs and preferences.

Choose a Hammock If:

• You prioritize lightweight and compact gear.
• You enjoy a unique sleeping experience and don’t mind a bit of a learning curve.
• You often camp in areas with plenty of trees.

Choose a Tent If:

• You want maximum protection from the elements.
• You need more space and storage for gear.
• You prefer a versatile shelter that can handle a variety of conditions.

My Personal Take

Personally, I think there’s a place for both hammocks and tents in your camping arsenal.

Hammocks are fantastic for short trips, ultralight backpacking, and summer camping.

They’re a blast to use and add a bit of fun to your camping experience.

Tents, on the other hand, are the go-to choice for longer trips, group camping, and harsher conditions.

They offer the comfort, space, and protection you need when the going gets tough.

So why not have both?

That way, you’ll be prepared for any adventure that comes your way.

Just remember, the best shelter is the one you have with you when you need it.

So pick the one that fits your style, pack it up, and get out there!

Why Trust Skilled Survival…

Go here now to review a full breakdown of:

Who We Are

Our Credentials

Our Mission

& Product Recommendations…

Here are a few highlights of our teams credentials & certifications:

• Certified Member of a Mountain Search & Rescue Organization
• Plant Emergency & Safety Leader for a Major Food Manufacturer
• Member of the 10TH Mountain Division Hut Association
• Certifications: Avalanche 1, WFR, CPR
• Official Gear Tester for Numerous Outdoor Gear Companies
• Countless Multiday Backpacking trips into Remote Wilderness
• Bachelor’s Degree In Mechanical Engineering 
• Bachelor’s Degree In Civil Engineering
• Bachelor’s Degree In Biomedical Engineering

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” – Warren Buffett

We’re fully aware that trust is NOT something you GET but is EARNED.

And we’ll continue to earn YOUR trust through our forthright and honest approach with each new Blog Post, Guide & Product we create…

Prepare, Adapt & Overcome,

Cofounder Of Skilledsurvival.com & TheResilientLife.com

Born & Raised On A Rural Farm In The Midwest

Mechanical Engineering Grad From A Major University

Engineer With A Major Food Manufacturing Company

10+ Years Researching, Writing, & Teaching Preparedness

Mission: Help Folks Stop Living A Life Fragile To The Future

Get My 10 Steps To Basic Preparedness Video For FREE.

Plus daily survival tips (unsubscribe anytime).

If you’re serious about camping, survival, or just ensuring you have the purest water possible, you’ve likely come across two titans in the water filtration world: Alexapure Vs Berkey.

These two brands are like heavyweight champions, each boasting their own unique strengths.

But which one deserves a spot in your gear arsenal?

Grab a seat and your favorite beverage (filtered, of course), and let’s dive into the ultimate showdown: Alexapure vs. Berkey.

Why Water Filtration Matters

First things first, let’s talk about why water filtration is so crucial.

Whether you’re out in the wilderness, dealing with a natural disaster, or just ensuring your tap water is safe, clean water is essential for survival.

Waterborne contaminants can wreak havoc on your health, leading to illnesses that can knock you out of commission.

So, investing in a reliable water filtration system is non-negotiable for any serious prepper or outdoor enthusiast.

Alexapure Vs Berkey: Comparison Chart

The Contenders: Alexapure vs. Berkey

Alexapure: The New Kid on the Block

Alexapure might be a newer name in the water filtration arena, but it’s quickly making waves.

Known for its sleek design and impressive filtration capabilities, Alexapure has positioned itself as a strong contender against more established brands.

Key Features:

• Filtration Technology: Alexapure uses gravity-fed filtration with a powerful filter that removes up to 99.9999% of contaminants, including heavy metals, bacteria, viruses, and pharmaceuticals.
• Capacity: The Alexapure Pro can hold up to 2.25 gallons of water, making it ideal for small families or solo adventurers.
• Flow Rate: It boasts a decent flow rate, allowing you to filter up to 5,000 gallons per filter.
• Portability: With a compact and lightweight design, the Alexapure Pro is easy to transport, making it a favorite among campers and RV enthusiasts.

↓ Discover the Secret Benefits of the Alexapure

Berkey: The Established Champion

Berkey has been the gold standard in water filtration for decades.

With a reputation for reliability and durability, Berkey systems are trusted by preppers, campers, and health-conscious households worldwide.

Key Features:

• Filtration Technology: Berkey uses a combination of gravity-fed filtration and advanced carbon filters to eliminate up to 99.9999% of contaminants, including heavy metals, bacteria, viruses, and pharmaceuticals.
• Capacity: Berkey offers a range of sizes, from the travel-friendly 1.5-gallon Travel Berkey to the family-sized 6-gallon Crown Berkey.
• Flow Rate: Berkey filters are known for their longevity, capable of filtering up to 6,000 gallons per filter pair.
• Portability: While larger models are less portable, the Travel Berkey and Big Berkey are great for on-the-go use.

↓ I tested a Berkey

Alexapure Vs Berkey: Head-to-Head Comparison

Now, let’s break down these features in more detail and see how Alexapure and Berkey stack up against each other.

Filtration Performance

Both Alexapure and Berkey excel in filtration performance, removing an impressive array of contaminants.

However, Berkey’s filters have a slightly higher capacity for total contaminants removed, giving it a slight edge in this category.

But honestly, both systems provide top-tier filtration that will keep you hydrated and healthy.

Capacity and Size

When it comes to capacity, Berkey takes the crown with its wide range of sizes.

Whether you’re a solo camper or have a large family, there’s a Berkey model that fits your needs.

Alexapure’s Pro model is perfect for small groups or individuals, but if you need more capacity, Berkey offers more options.

Flow Rate

Both systems have efficient flow rates, but Berkey’s longer-lasting filters mean you’ll be changing them less frequently.

This could be a deciding factor for those who want minimal maintenance and maximum convenience.

Portability

Alexapure shines in portability due to its compact design.

It’s easy to pack up and take on the road, making it a favorite among campers and RV enthusiasts.

While Berkey’s Travel and Big Berkey models are also portable, the larger sizes are better suited for home use.

Ease of Use

Both systems are user-friendly, but Alexapure might have a slight edge for beginners due to its straightforward setup.

Berkey’s multiple components can be a bit intimidating at first, but once you get the hang of it, it’s smooth sailing.

Cost

Let’s talk dollars and cents.

Alexapure systems tend to be more affordable upfront, which is great if you’re on a budget.

Berkey systems, while pricier, offer better long-term value due to their larger filter capacity and longevity.

So, it’s a matter of whether you prefer saving money now or investing in a system that will last longer.

Practical Use Cases

Camping and Backpacking

For the intrepid adventurers who love hitting the trails, portability and ease of use are paramount.

The Alexapure Pro, with its lightweight design, is perfect for backpacking and camping trips.

It’s easy to pack and set up, ensuring you have clean water without weighing down your gear.

The Travel Berkey, while slightly bulkier, is also a solid choice for camping.

Its robust build can withstand the rigors of outdoor adventures, and its superior capacity means fewer refills.

Emergency Preparedness

In a survival situation, reliability and capacity are key.

Berkey’s larger models, like the Royal Berkey or the Crown Berkey, offer the capacity and filtration power needed to sustain larger groups or families during emergencies.

Their ability to filter a high volume of water makes them invaluable in a crisis.

Alexapure’s Pro model is also a strong contender for emergency preparedness, especially for smaller households or individuals.

Its excellent filtration performance ensures you have access to safe drinking water when it matters most.

Everyday Use

For everyday use, both systems excel at providing clean, great-tasting water.

The choice comes down to personal preference and household size.

If you have a larger family or entertain often, a larger Berkey model might be the best fit.

For smaller households or those new to water filtration, the Alexapure Pro offers a user-friendly and effective solution.

The Verdict: Which One Should You Choose?

Alright, folks, it’s decision time.

Both Alexapure and Berkey are stellar choices, but the right one for you depends on your specific needs and preferences.

Choose Alexapure If:

• You need a budget-friendly option without compromising on filtration quality.
• Portability is a top priority for camping and travel.
• You prefer a simpler setup and straightforward maintenance.

Choose Berkey If:

• You require a larger capacity system for a big family or long-term use.
• You value long-term cost savings and less frequent filter replacements.
• You need a versatile system that can handle both home use and outdoor adventures.

My Personal Take

If you twisted my arm and made me choose, I’d say the Alexapure Pro is a fantastic option for those who need a more portable solution or are just starting their water filtration journey.

Its performance and ease of use make it a worthy contender in any prepper’s gear lineup.

Alexapure Vs Berkey: Final Thoughts

At the end of the day, the best water filtration system is the one that fits your lifestyle and needs.

Whether you go with Alexapure vs Berkey, you’re investing in a crucial piece of survival gear that ensures you have access to safe, clean water.

So, take the plunge, make your choice, and rest easy knowing you’re prepared for whatever comes your way.

Stay hydrated, stay safe, and, as always, stay prepared.

Why Trust Skilled Survival…

Go here now to review a full breakdown of:

Who We Are

Our Credentials

Our Mission

& Product Recommendations…

Here are a few highlights of our teams credentials & certifications:

• Certified Member of a Mountain Search & Rescue Organization
• Plant Emergency & Safety Leader for a Major Food Manufacturer
• Member of the 10TH Mountain Division Hut Association
• Certifications: Avalanche 1, WFR, CPR
• Official Gear Tester for Numerous Outdoor Gear Companies
• Countless Multiday Backpacking trips into Remote Wilderness
• Bachelor’s Degree In Mechanical Engineering 
• Bachelor’s Degree In Civil Engineering
• Bachelor’s Degree In Biomedical Engineering

“It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” – Warren Buffett

We’re fully aware that trust is NOT something you GET but is EARNED.

And we’ll continue to earn YOUR trust through our forthright and honest approach with each new Blog Post, Guide & Product we create…

Prepare, Adapt & Overcome,

Cofounder Of Skilledsurvival.com & TheResilientLife.com

Born & Raised On A Rural Farm In The Midwest

Mechanical Engineering Grad From A Major University

Engineer With A Major Food Manufacturing Company

10+ Years Researching, Writing, & Teaching Preparedness

Mission: Help Folks Stop Living A Life Fragile To The Future

Get My 10 Steps To Basic Preparedness Video For FREE.

Plus daily survival tips (unsubscribe anytime).

War.  Famine.  Food and water shortages. Supply breakdowns.  The list goes on and on as the mainstream news and social media serve the masses a steady diet of fear and impending doom.  However, every dark cloud has a silver lining or two as well.  After the Covid lockdowns, there seem to be at least two good things that came out of those crazy times. 

First, most sane, and situationally aware people began to realize how fragile the just-in-time food delivery system was.  Second, people took matters into their own hands and started planning/planting their own victory gardens.  Many new and seasoned homesteaders, preppers, and survivalists alike saw the writing on the wall during these dark days and they either began growing their own crops or beefed up their current garden.

THE CHALLENGES:

One of the most satisfying feelings in prepping is picking your own freshly grown fruits and vegetables. To get to that point, we all had to go through the education process.  Everything from questioning whether you would plant in containers and raised beds to using grow bags for some crops and planting directly in the ground for others was part of the learning curve.  There were other issues to consider as well such as how many rain barrels would be needed if the grid went down and how to maximize that collected rainwater through a drip irrigation system.  You may have even calculated, or at least considered, how high you wanted the chicken wire fence to go to keep the four-legged creatures out. 

Perhaps there was planning for the logistical placement of the crops in your field, yard, sunroom, or even your balcony to ensure your plants received the right amount of sunlight. Let us not forget the actual harvesting. You needed to decide if you would pick your crops and can them for long-term storage, or just freeze everything and vacuum seal it for a rainy day.  In other words, gardening is not as easy as just throwing some seeds in the dirt.  There is a tremendous amount of planning that goes into reaping what you have sown. 

Then there are the bugs…

GARDEN OPSEC & ENTOMOLOGY:

Entomology is the study of insects.  Most hardcore preppers might be thinking right now, “I’ve got way too much to do than studying up on bugs as a tertiary prepping skill”.  And that’s where you might just regret that decision.  At the end of the day when you drift off to sleep knowing you have a tight OPSEC (Operations Security) plan for your home, there is a war being waged while you slumber.  If you are thinking about planting or are already growing your own garden, it can quickly be ravaged by an army of veracious insects if you have not planned properly. These six + legged miniature demon seeds can wreak havoc on even the best laid out garden plan if you do not include a proper attack strategy.  This attack strategy is Garden OPSEC.  This is basically learning how to build your own miniature private army of ruthless and hungry combatants!  If you can slowly learn this tertiary prepper skill, you will become more of an asset to your prepper group, tribe, or family, and you will not have to share your bumper crop with a tiny and destructive enemy.

SCENARIO:

After watching the news all year of potential water and food shortages, you decide it would be best to double the size of your garden as a preventative measure for next year.  The fall is coming, and things are not looking great economically or politically.  You take the initiative and formulate a solid plan for spring planting next year by using some online software. After testing the PH levels of your soil, you decide to grow four new crops. You have the space, and you purchase all the heirloom seeds necessary to turn your dream into a reality.  But there is one tiny thing you failed to prepare for and that is the flying, crawling, hopping, buzzing army of insects that want to devour that food just as much as you.  Once you plant those crops, all bets are off because be rest assured, you will have some uninvited guests come to dine indefinitely if you do not plan accordingly.

NEXT STEPS:

The scenario above is very common with gardeners who are just starting out and even seasoned veterans.  But there is hope!  Here are some suggestions to help you stay ahead of the curve.

1. Begin to research online the different types of insects that will feast on your current crops / future crop expansions.
2. Books such as, “The Vegetable Garden Pest Handbook” by Susan Mulvihill and “Rodale’s Color Handbook of Garden Insects” by Anna Carr are fantastic resources to study and have on hand, especially if there is ever an EMP, TEOTWAWKI, or grid down situation. 
3. Make a spreadsheet such as the example below of your current planting preparations incorporating beneficial insects and plants. 

Plant Name	Zone	Planting Dates	Garden Location	Companion Plant	Potential Pest	Beneficial Insect(s)	Other natural controls
Tomato	7b	Plant seeds in trays Feb / March                Transplant / Sow in April – June	South	Plant dill and marigolds	Tomato HornWorm, Cutworm, Stink bug, Whitefly, leafhopper, blister beetle, spider mite, leafminer, lygus bug, slug, snail, spider mite	Assassin Bug, Big-Eyed Bug, damsel bug, hoverfly, lacewing, ladybug, long-legged fly, minute pirate bug, parasitic wasp, praying mantis, robber fly, rove beetle, spider, tachinid fly	Cover Hoops, Nematodes, Diatomaceous Earth, Oils, traps,

• Start building your army!  Arbico-organics sells a myriad of beneficial insects and pest control supplies that can meet most budgets.
• Figure out your Alternate and Contingency plan (P.A.C.E. plan in essence).  If the grid is down and you must plant crops but cannot purchase any beneficial insects or pest control, you are going to have to do things the old-fashioned way and entice beneficial insects into your garden by building “bug hotels”.  You can also try to map out the best plants that will invite these predacious warriors to assist you even if it is a WROL out there.  (Ex.  Fern–leaf yarrow attracts lacewings, hoverflies, and ladybugs.) 
• Deepen your attack strategy with natural controls such as nematodes, diatomaceous earth, sprays, and cover hoops.
• Figure out a way to “relocate” wasps and hornets without killing them.  A garden hose will aggravate them if they are setting up shop under your porch roof, but they will get the hint and move on to somewhere else.  You don’t want to kill them!  As painful as they can be, they are also one of the best exterminators you can have on your property.
• Try not to kill any spiders.  (Did I just write that???) If you see spiders in your garden, it means there is food for them to eat.  Garden spiders (yellow and black) are the best in a garden and one egg sac can have as many as 1,000 baby spiderlings ready to hatch in the spring.
• Try to avoid harmful chemicals and sprays as they can kill off beneficial insects as well.
• For the sake of your sanity, factor in a percentage of crops lost due to insect damage.  For example, if you plan on planting “X” amount of corn, have a mental number in your head or on the spreadsheet above as to what you could potentially lose due to the corn earworm.  (You will lose probably a lot of the tips, but the corn is still good and edible, but it will be a compounded loss nonetheless.)

CONCLUSION:

In all seriousness, Garden OPSEC is a Tertiary Prepper Skill you will want to incorporate into your prepper plan immediately.  With the current food supply shortages and fall quickly approaching, having a solid game plan before spring is crucial as most of us can still purchase products without a tremendous number of issues.  That can all easily and rapidly change by late fall and/or winter so try to get ahead of the curve now if you can.

Stay strong, keep learning new tertiary prepper skills, and have fun building your bug army!

Sgt. Silverman

Estimated reading time: 8 minutes

The internet is filled with lists of essential supplies to pack in your emergency survival bag, often called a bug out bag. The lists include small packable items that will provide you with food, water, and shelter for about 72 hours.

While all of the lists feature some indispensable items for surviving any disaster, you’ll get the best results if you tailor some of your contents to your location and individual needs. For example, someone who lives in an urban area has different needs than someone who lives in a rural setting. Age, gender, health, and fitness levels also should play a role in what you pack in your bag.

Whether you are packing a bug out bag for the first time or rethinking its contents, here are 21 options you may not have considered.

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1. Aluminum Foil

Don’t pack the entire roll. Instead, just fold up a few sheets of aluminum foil and put them in the pocket of your bug out bag. It hardly weighs anything, and you can use it to cook food, start a fire, boil water, catch fish, signal for help, and more.

2. Carabiners

These are incredibly useful but often overlooked. You can use carabiners to attach items to your bag, hang a clothesline, build a shelter, keep ropes and cords organized, hang up tools and lanterns, make emergency repairs, and much more.

3. Coffee Filters

You don’t need to bring a whole package. Just a few of them is enough. You can use coffee filters to pre-filter water, start a fire, make a bandage, organize small items, collect nuts and berries, clean glasses and other surfaces, and more.

4. Condoms

Believe it or not, condoms can be incredibly useful in a bug out scenario, and not just for prevented unwanted pregnancies. You can use them to start a fire, make a slingshot, create a makeshift tourniquet, carry water (up to a gallon), keep things dry (such as tinder, matches, batteries, etc.), and more.

5. GoGirl

Men have it easy in the on-the-go bathroom department, but this female urination device is a must-have for the rest of us. Made of medical-grade silicone, the GoGirl is lightweight, washable, reusable, and discreet.

6. Mosquito Net

Many bug out bag lists suggest bug spray, but can you pack enough to last several days – or longer? This durable polyester netting will cover a single sleeping bag or cot. You can anchor it into the ground or hang it from tree limbs or posts.

7. Nails

Yes, nails. Standard metal nails can come in very handy in an emergency. Pack a few different sizes in a small kit for use as tent pegs, fishing hooks, animal traps, trip wires, and weapons. This video has more ideas.

8. Pantyhose

Small and easy to tuck into a backpack, a pair of pantyhose has many unexpected uses in an emergency. Here are some ideas:

• Wear as an extra layer under your pants to keep warm and to protect against insect bites and stings.
• Use as a skimmer, to secure bait, or as a net when fishing
• Wear under socks to help prevent blisters
• Use as a pouch or to carry small items
• Use as a water filter
• Use to secure a hot or cold pack
• Use as a tourniquet

9. Pocket Chainsaw

This emergency survival tool can cut through branches and limbs to help you build a shelter or create a pathway through the wilderness. Made of high carbon heat-treated steel, it comes with a storage pouch. You can sharpen it with a regular round chainsaw file.

10. Pocket Survival Guide

No one can be prepared for every emergency. In the event you don’t have access to the internet, or you want to conserve your electronics, a pocket survival guide can come in handy.

This helpful guide folds down to the size of a credit card so that you can carry it at all times. It’s weather-resistant and packed full of information. If you prefer a book, here is a pocket-sized guide written for short-term survival scenarios.

11. Poncho

It’s a good idea to invest in a quality rain jacket, but a small plastic poncho in your bag can also come in very handy. You can use it as a ground cover when you take a break to sit down or to help block the wind in a temporary shelter. Check the dollar store for inexpensive small folded ponchos.

12. Self-Defense Spray

Whether your attacker is human or animal, a can of pepper spray can offer a quick solution. This bottle of pepper gel does not blow back in the wind as traditional pepper spray does, and it can shoot up to 18 feet. The 1.8-ounce bottle holds 18 bursts and comes with a strap to attach to your bag if you like.

13. Sewing Kit

Needle and thread can help mend clothing, tents, tarps, and straps on the go. In an emergency, you might even need to use them to stitch a wound.

Here are some other items you might want in your small sewing kit: several sizes of thread, safety pins, thimble, needles of various sizes, small scissors, and Superglue.

14. Slingshot

With a bit of practice, you can use this lightweight and versatile weapon to kill a variety of small game from 30 feet away. And you don’t need to weigh down your pack with ammo; small stones and rocks work well.

15. Sleeping Mask and Earplugs

Sleep is often difficult to come by when you are in an emergency location. There may be unfamiliar sounds and people all around you, or you may be hearing the sounds of the wilderness for the first time.

Plus, stress can keep your mind whirring. A sleep mask and earplugs can help you get the rest you need. If you feel you need to hear everything to stay safe, you still may want to consider earplugs for your kids.

16. Solar Lantern

Most bug out bag lists include flashlights and headlamps. While these lights are undoubtedly useful, they do not provide the kind of 360-degree light you will want in many temporary living situations.

This portable lantern can charge from the sun or from a USB port. It’s water-resistant, has three light settings, and collapses to hook onto your backpack or fit inside.

17. Toilet Paper Tablets

Many bug out bag packing lists include toilet paper. But a roll takes up a lot of space, and it can get wet and soggy pretty quickly when you are outside. These tablets are an answer. These small tablets are made of compressed cellulose that expands into sheets of paper when dipped in water.

18. Water Valve Key

Have you ever noticed that the water spigots on the outside walls of many buildings do not have handles? How could you access that water in an emergency?

The answer is with a sillcock key. A sillcock key is a tool with four different socket heads. You find the head that fits the faucet and then turn the key as you would a handle to access the water.

19. Waterproof Deck of Cards

Keeping your mind occupied when you’re hunkered down during an emergency is vital to your mental health. You might want to consider adding a deck of waterproof playing cards to your bug out bag. These playing cards are standard size, but they’re printed on clear plastic card stock.

20. Waterproof Notebook

Keeping a journal, leaving notes, keeping track of the weather – all are reasons you’ll want to have a notebook in your backpack. The trouble is, regular paper can get muddy and ruined in a hurry. This notebook will handle the elements and the tough constraints of a backpack. Use it with a standard No. 2 pencil or an all-weather pen like this one for best results.

21. Zip Ties

These lightweight cable ties can fit into small spaces in your bug out bag, but they can provide a lot of bang for the buck. Here are just a few of the ways you can use them in an emergency:

• Makeshift handles
• Help compress and hold bulky gear together
• Secure bandages
• Makeshift shoelaces
• Trail markers
• Hanging items
• Hand restraints

Most experts agree that a bug out bag should weigh about 15 percent of an average person’s body weight. The goal is not to stuff your bag with as much as you can but to choose items that will fit your location and your individual needs.

One final tip: leaving some space in your bag so that you can find things without having to empty the bag each time you take something out will save you time and frustration.

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People have been using usnea for thousands of years. 

This lichen can serve many applications because of its unique, multifaceted chemical composition. It’s a common functional ingredient in cosmetics, cleaners, medicines, and more. 

So, what exactly can you do with it? Read on to discover 15 science-backed usnea benefits and learn how to harness its power to improve your home and health. 

Usnea Uses and Benefits

Usnea is a true unicorn in the world of natural remedies. 

All species contain the namesake usnic acid, a much-studied substance that gives this lichen impressive antiseptic abilities. However, usnea is much more than a natural germ-fighter. 

Thanks to its various polyphenols and acidic profile, it wears an array of additional health and wellness hats that increase its value tenfold. 

1. Antibiotic

One of usnea’s oldest applications is as an antibiotic. Modern clinical research supports this historical use, with usnic acid being particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, such as strep and staph.

Usnea and its derivative drugs have shown promise in treating even antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria. 

The best way to use usnea as an antibiotic depends on the infection’s location. A tincture is best for internal infections (think urinary tract, kidneys, etc.), while an ointment or salve will treat external skin infections.  

Usnea is also known to help clear lung infections, making an excellent addition to homemade cough syrup or fire cider. 

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2. Anti-Inflammatory

It seems like everything is inflamed these days, but usnea can help by targeting inflammation from a multitude of underlying causes. 

From intestinal discomfort to muscle pain and joint swelling, this lichen has you covered.  

It’s best to use a variety of preparations, including tinctures, salves, oil extracts, and usnea powders, to treat inflammation depending on where it is and what’s causing it. 

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3. Analgesic

Usnea is a potent analgesic, with one study demonstrating pain-relieving effects similar to the once-common NSAID drug noraminophenazone.

Internal application can help soothe sore throats and ulcers and may be better than other meds considering usnea’s powerful effects against inflammation. 

It’s also the perfect ingredient for external pain treatments, such as DIY muscle balms and joint salves. 

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4. Wound Healing

Usnea has long been used in wilderness first aid as a topical to treat scrapes, bites, and other wounds. 

Not only does usnic acid prevent and treat infection, but research shows it also speeds up healing when applied as a powder or poultice.

The usnic acid actually promotes vascular regeneration and skin keratinization, enhancing the formation of healthy new collagen tissue at the site of wounds. 

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5. Promotes Skin Health

Usnic acid is a skin savior. Its antimicrobial and antiseptic properties help cleanse the skin and eradicate bacteria, while anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects reduce stress to combat wrinkles and spots. 

Usnea has also been shown to protect against UV rays and shows particular promise as a sunscreen and in other cosmetic applications. 

Using an usnea oil extract to make salves or balms is the best way to get these effects.   

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6. Fights Cancer

Usnic acid is a proven cytotoxin that can fight certain types of cancer cells. 

Research trials on humans with mouth cancer showed usnea extract increased oxidative stress and blocked DNA synthesis in CLS-354 cancer cells, resulting in a significant anticancer effect. 

Animal research studies indicate effectiveness against melanoma and glioma. 

Interestingly, the research demonstrates usnea’s ability to distinguish and attack cancer cells while protecting healthy tissue. 

Tinctures made with dual extractions of water and alcohol will yield the highest content of polyphenols and usnic acid, which are both thought to contribute to this effect. 

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7. Aids Weight Loss

I’m as skeptical as the next gal when it comes to miracle weight loss drugs. And while usnea certainly isn’t a magic cure, there is compelling evidence showing usnic acid may help improve lipid metabolism.

In animal trials, it has been shown to slow weight gain on a hypercaloric diet, reduce triglycerides, and improve cholesterol levels. 

Adding a modest regimen of dual-extracted usnea tincture to your diet could make the weight-loss grind a little easier!

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8. Protects Heart Health

Usnea’s ability to regulate cholesterol and triglycerides already makes it a potent heart health weapon in your arsenal. 

It has also been proven to reduce atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, especially around the heart’s aorta. 

Usnea can even prevent blood clots that lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other dire cardiovascular events. If you are currently at risk, ask your doctor about supplementing with usnea until you get the issue under control. 

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9. Anti-Fungal

Usnea is an effective treatment against many species of yeast and fungi, rendering it a potent aid for candida infections and many types of ringworm. 

Apply usnea oil topically to treat ringworm or fungus in the nails, cuticles, or hair. Ingest tincture or oil to treat mouth fungi, and prepare a soaking bath for yeast infection. 

If you have a bacterial infection and are currently taking prescribed antibiotics, starting an additional usnea tincture regimen may be wise. 

Antibiotics don’t discriminate and often kill beneficial bacteria that keep our gut in check. This causes fungal overgrowth and can lead to additional infections, but usnea may be able to prevent these nasty side effects by killing the extra fungus. 

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10. Survival Food

Usnea is edible and contains an impressive amount of vitamin C. However, speaking from experience, it isn’t particularly tasty when eaten alone. 

Overeating usnea could potentially cause liver problems. Because of the contraindications, it’s best not to eat usnea straight-up unless you’re in a survival scenario. 

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11. Antipyretic

Usnea has long been used as an antipyretic, and studies have shown that it can lower body temperature in fever-induced rats. 

This makes it perfect for a cold medicine regimen, especially when used along with other medicinal plants like elderberry and echinacea. 

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12. Litholytic

Many species of usnea contain barbatic acid, a substance that shows promising litholytic efficacy. That means it can break down mineral deposits from magnesium and calcium — two nasty components of kidney stones. 

If you have kidney stones, taking an usnea tincture may help break them up. 

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13. Diuretic

Usnea’s barbatic acid has demonstrated a diuretic ability to flush out excess fluid from the body. This is beneficial during the dissolution of kidney stones, but it also helps in various other situations. 

People retain fluid for all sorts of reasons. A high-salt meal, an intense workout, or a stressful week can all cause you to hold water. 

Taking usnea tincture helps release that water, reducing bloating and puffiness and increasing overall comfort and functionality. 

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14. Antiviral

Usnea shows some limited potential as an antiviral. One study demonstrated efficacy against COVID-19, while others have shown tentative efficacy against HPV.

More research is needed to confirm these effects and discover the underlying mechanism of action. Still, it wouldn’t hurt to add usnea tincture to your regimen when sick with a viral infection.  

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15. Natural Dye

Usnea was a relatively common natural dye back in the day, but it has fallen out of favor for environmental reasons. However, those with abundant fallen usnea on their properties have no reason not to use it. 

Usnea is easy to dye with, even for beginners. It imparts fiber with a rich brown color, with hues varying between species.

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Usnea Contraindications

It’s important to note that usnea is a treatment, not a supplement for everyday use. Each of the applications mentioned above is for the short term. 

I don’t recommend using usnea every day because of its potential downsides. 

What are those, exactly?

The medicinal usnic acid found in usnea has been linked to liver toxicity in both humans and mice. 

Toxicity in humans was reported after taking usnic acid in the form of a dietary supplement for weight loss. Most people recovered without issue, but several had to undergo liver transplants. 

This is serious stuff. Does it mean you should avoid usnea at all costs? Not really. Instead, you must examine the issue in context. 

Not only did that particular supplement contain other compounds that could have contributed to liver injury, but the usnic acid was in pure form at doses of over 300 milligrams per day. 

How much usnea would you need to take to reach that threshold? Usnic acid content varies significantly by usnea species type but may constitute up to three percent of the lichen’s total dry weight. 

It is highly unlikely that homemade tinctures, teas, or oil infusions can extract all the usnic acid available in a lichen. Even if they did, you’d have to ingest a lot. Usnea oil and tinctures are meant to be taken a few drops at a time. Usnea salves and balms are meant to be applied to the skin, and there’s no known toxicity risk with external use. 

As with most substances, the dose makes the poison. If you take usnea sparingly as a short-term treatment, your chances of any adverse reaction are slim. 

You can get all these fantastic usnea benefits with various interesting preparation techniques. Whether you plan to make a tincture or a brand-new line of lichen-based cosmetics, the world is your oyster!

 

If you have expired cooking oil, don’t throw it away!

One of the key aspects of living a self-sufficient lifestyle is to become resourceful by finding multiple uses for the many items in your home. One of the most multipurpose items that you probably have in your home (and specifically in your kitchen) is cooking oil.

Besides its intended uses for frying and baking foods, there are a myriad of other cool roles that cooking oil can serve for you as well.

Biodiesel Production

One of the most practical uses for used cooking oil is converting it into biodiesel. This fuel can power diesel engines without major modifications.

The process involves filtering the oil and treating it with methanol and lye. Producing biodiesel at home is a cost-effective way to save money on fuel and increase self-sufficiency.

Plus, it’s a smart solution for making the most out of something you’d otherwise throw away.

Remove Rust From Your Metal Gear

Do you have any metal tools or objects that are rusting? Perhaps a firearm, a knife, an ax, kitchen utensils, or any gardening tools you have? If so, you can use cooking oil to help remove it.

Vegetable oil is the best choice for removing rust from cast iron, while linseed cooking oil is ideal for removing rust from steel. Just mix a generous amount of cooking oil with two or three tablespoons of salt, and then dampen a rag or a paper towel in the resulting solution.

Proceed to scrub the rusty area vigorously.

Rust Proof Your Metal Gear Before It Rusts

Better yet, you can also use cooking oil to rust proof your metal gear before it can even rust in the first place.

The reason why cooking oil can be used to protect your gear is because the molecules present in the cooking oil cannot be dissolved in water, as the two repel each other.

Related: 5 Survival Tools and Gear You Should Avoid When SHTF

That’s why you can apply a thin layer of cooking oil to the metal surfaces of whatever gear or tools you want to protect and it should keep rust at bay.

Lubricate Chainsaws

Do you have an old chainsaw where the chain is having a little difficulty removing?

If so, old canola oil can serve as an excellent alternative to chainsaw lubricant.

This is because canola has a high viscosity level and excellent lubricity.

Protect Wood From Rotting

It’s not just metal that you can protect with old cooking oil. You can use it to protect wood as well. As mentioned above, cooking oil will repel water because the molecules will not dissolve in it.

As a result, when you apply a layer of it over the surface of wood, it will stop the wood from absorbing water, which could cause it to expand and eventually rot.

A good use case for this is with gardening tools, the wooden components of which are often vulnerable to moisture.

Protect Your Leather

You can also use cooking oil to protect leather to stop it from cracking. You can do this with belts, shoes, saddles, bags/backpacks, or holsters.

All it takes is a small amount of cooking oil to gently apply over the surface of leather, and it should protect the leather against cracking for at least a month.

Get a Fire Going

Old cooking oil can also be an ideal solution to help you get a good fire going.

Simply rub some cooking oil onto whatever you are using for kindling or tinder, such as old newspaper, moss, or twigs or small pieces of wood.

Then bring it into contact with a spark generated by a magnesium flint striker or a flame from a lighter or match, and the cooking oil should catch fire instantly.

Remove Paint

You’re probably acutely aware that it can be very difficult to get paint removed from your hands, body, or clothes after a painting job. One of the easiest ways to get paint removed, however, is to use cooking oil.

Simply rub the cooking oil directly onto the paint and you’ll start to notice the paint scrubbing away. Then you can apply water mixed with soap to wash the cooking oil away. It’s really that easy.

Make Your Own DIY Soap

It’s also super easy to make your own DIY homemade soap using cooking oil and lye. Just follow these steps:

1. Add around 2.5 ounces of lye to around 5 ounces of water (not the other way around). Stir the mixture together gently, until the lye is fully dissolved.
2. Strain the used cooking oil to remove any impurities, then heat approximately 18 ounces over the stove until it reaches around 212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius.
3. Remove the cooking oil from the stove and allow it to cool.
4. Now mix the lye-water solution and the cooking oil together by adding the lye solution to the pot with the oil.
5. Stir the mixture together until it thickens, then pour it into soap molds.
6. After 24-48 hours, remove the soap from the molds. It should be firm enough to handle.
7. Place the bars on a drying rack in a well-ventilated area and allow them to cure for 4-6 weeks. Turn the bars occasionally to ensure even curing.

Make Your Hinges Stop Squeaking

Do you have any door hinges that are annoying squeaking when you open and close the door?

If so, just apply a small amount of lubricant to the hinges and the squeakiness should start to go away.

Livestock Feed Supplement

Used cooking oil can also be repurposed as a feed supplement for livestock, adding valuable calories to their diet.

Mix it with regular feed to provide an energy boost for animals such as pigs and chickens. To boost and even double egg production in chickens, consider mixing it with this plant.

However, it’s important to ensure the oil is properly filtered and free from harmful contaminants. Introduce the oil gradually into their diet and monitor the animals for any adverse reactions. This method not only reduces waste but also supports the health and productivity of your livestock.

Keep Mosquitoes Away

Do you have any areas on your property or campsite with a lot of mosquitoes around? Cooking oil could be the next best thing that you have on hand to help solve this problem other than mosquito repellant.

Apply a half teaspoon of vegetable oil for every gallon of water where mosquitoes are congregating and breeding. The mosquitoes won’t stand the oil and it won’t take long for them to go away.

Harden Soil

Cooking oil will travel around an inch down into soil and cause it to toughen up, especially as people walk or cars drive over it. This will help prevent dust from coming up while you walk or drive though, which could be useful in your driveway or any dusty areas in your backyard.

Just make sure that you don’t use cooking oil over any areas with plant growth, as the oil can suffocate the roots.

There are many more survival and DIY uses for cooking oil as well, but the above are perhaps the ones that you are most likely to use.

You may also like:

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Some of the links in this post may contain affiliate links for your convenience. As an Amazon Associate, I may earn a small commission from qualifying purchases without any increase in price to you.

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Any number of things can keep you out of the garden in April and May, weather problems, work commitments, family problems . . . we’ve all been there. But there’s still time to plant for a late-summer harvest! There are plenty of yummy late summer vegetables to plant (in mid to late June) and get a nice harvest before the summer ends.

You’ll definitely want to review this list of master gardener tips and as well as the household items you can use as organic fertilizer. And while you’re at it, be sure to download my printable Gardening Self-Assessment. This handy tool will help you troubleshoot any gardening issues, plan your best “plant by” dates for your area, and find solutions to your gardening challenges. You can find that printable self-assessment here. Now let’s talk about what you can still get planted now and also talk about a few things that you can wait on and plant in about 5 or 6 weeks (Around August 1st for most of us).

June Planting for a Late Summer Harvest

Here’s what you can add to your garden right now:

Tomatoes

This late in the year you want to be thinking about smaller, quicker maturing varieties. Try some type of cherry tomato (varieties to look for include Sun Sugar, and Sweet 100). They are relatively fast growers and should still give you a good harvest in September and early October. Most nurseries will still have these in stock, but act fast! You can also opt for bigger plants. (Don’t try to plant tomatoes by seed this time of year.)

You can also try some of the tomatoes that produce small to medium sized fruit. Think varieties like Early Girl, possibly Celebrity, or many of the Roma tomatoes. Try to find tomatoes that grow on determinate vines (vs indeterminate) as these will spent less time growing vines and more time growing fruit. The 6 weeks you have lost in growing time means you won’t have a huge harvest this year, but if you get them in soon you should still have plenty for fresh eating and, hopefully, canning! There are also lots of ways to use tomato powder and you could make it yourself!

Summer Squash

Zucchini and yellow crookneck squash are actually quite fast growing. Look for varieties that have a maturity date of around 60 to 70 days and you should still have lots of time to grow more zucchini than you can eat! You could also look for a patty pan squash with a short maturity date.

Green Beans

Most bush type green beans have a maturity date of around 60 to 70 days, so there is plenty of summer left for beans. In fact, I don’t make my last planting of green beans until mid-July and still have a great harvest, including plenty to can following these easy instructions.

Melons

If you would still like to plant a melon, you have a little bit of time left, but choose the small “ice box” types as those take much less time to mature. You can also get cantaloupe planted now. Again, don’t expect a huge harvest this year, but you will still have a few melons that will be ready before the frost comes.

Potatoes

If you can find the seed still around at your local nurseries, there is time to grow a nice crop of potatoes. In fact, you could continue to plant potatoes until mid-July in most areas of the country and still get a nice harvest of small roasting potatoes. This time of the year I would stay away from the big “baking” potatoes, like russets. You are running short of time to get them to maturity.

Cucumbers

Cucumbers are a good late season planter. Again, you may not get the huge yields you are used to, but by planting seeds now, you can still have a fairly respectable crop.

Onions

If you can still find a package of onion sets at your local nursery, they will do okay this time of year. You won’t get a lot of large onions but you will have plenty of smaller onions and green onions. Don’t try growing onions from seed or starts this late in the year.

Herbs

Many herbs will still do well if planted this time of year. It would be best to plant starts instead of trying to plant seeds.

Seeds to Start Now for Transplanting in Mid-August

Extend your harvest season by starting seeds indoors now for transplanting in mid-August. Learn more about what vegetables to plant in late summer and fall.

Cole Crops

Broccoli, cabbage, kale, and kohlrabi all thrive in cooler weather. If you grow your own seedlings, mid-June is a good time to start a fall crop of all these yummy cool season veggies. If you plant any of the cole crops indoors now, they will be ready for planting out in the garden in about 6 to 8 weeks.

That means you will be planting them around mid-August, and they will mature in October when the weather has cooled back to those temperatures that cole crops love so much! You may find many of these veggies are even tastier in the fall because a night or two of frost helps to sweeten the flavor. If you end up with a lot of extras, try dehydrating them for quick meals, as in these instructions for dehydrating cabbage.

Lettuce

You can start replanting lettuce about 6 to 8 weeks before your first frost (for us that’s August 1 – 15). Fall planted lettuce can last unprotected in your garden until early December, depending on where you live.

Spinach

Most people see spinach as a spring only crop, but it does very well in the fall! Again look at planting about 6 weeks before your first frost and you will be able to start harvesting in late October. Then cover those plants with a cold frame or hoop house and they will grow over the winter for an extra early spring crop.

Gardening Tips

• Household Fertilizer Hacks: Give your plants a boost with nutrient-rich household items like eggshells (crushed and added to the soil), coffee grounds (composted for nitrogen), or banana peels (potassium source, buried around plants).
• Maximize Your Space: Utilize vertical gardening techniques like trellises or hanging baskets to grow vining crops or herbs, freeing up ground space for other vegetables.
• Start Seeds, Save Money: No matter the time of year, you can always get seeds started for the upcoming growing season or for growing indoors. Find out about the creative ways to start seeds, and save yourself some money too.
• Staggered Seed Sowing: For some vegetables like lettuce and spinach, sow seeds every few weeks throughout the planting window. This ensures a steady supply of fresh produce as earlier plantings mature.
• Pick the Right Varieties: When planting now (mid-June to late June), focus on fast-maturing vegetables. Cherry tomatoes, bush beans (maturing in 60-70 days), and summer squash varieties with a similar maturity date are ideal choices.
• Transplanting Know-How: When transplanting seedlings, ensure they’re planted at the same depth they were growing in their pots. This minimizes transplant shock and promotes healthy growth.

FAQ

I missed spring planting. Can I still grow vegetables this year?

Absolutely! There’s still time to plant for a late summer and fall harvest. This guide explores vegetables suited for mid-June to late June planting and those ideal for early fall (around August 1st).

What vegetables should I wait to plant for a fall harvest?

Extend your harvest by planting cool weather vegetables in late summer and early fall. Start seeds indoors now for transplanting in mid-August. You can plant:

Cole Crops: Broccoli, cabbage, kale, and kohlrabi thrive in cooler weather.
Lettuce: Begin replanting lettuce 6-8 weeks before your first frost.
Spinach: Plant 6 weeks before your first frost and cover plants in late fall/winter for an early spring crop.
Root Crops: Beets, carrots, turnips, and radishes all do well in fall. Start replanting them 6-weeks before your last frost.

Related Gardening Content

Free Gardening Self-Assessment

Remember to download my printable Gardening Self-Assessment. This handy tool will help you identify areas for improvement, determine your ideal planting dates based on your location, and troubleshoot any challenges you might be facing.

Final Thoughts

With careful planning and these late-planting strategies, you can enjoy a harvest that stretches into fall. Remember, the downloadable Gardening Self-Assessment is your personalized roadmap to success. So, grab your seeds, tap into your green thumb, and get ready to savor the delicious rewards of your efforts. Happy gardening!

With contributions by Rick Stone of www.ourstoneyacres.com.